Red mulberry

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Red mulberry leaves

Red mulberry bark

Red mulberry leaf

Red mulberry staminate inflorescence

Red mulberry bark

Red mulberry

Red mulberry staminate inflorescence

Red mulberry leaf veins

Red mulberry leaf

Morphology

Trunk

Erect; branches unarmed; bark grayish brown to reddish brown, furrows shallow, ridges broad, flat; wood reddish brown, soft.

Twigs

Greenish brown to reddish brown, flexible, smooth, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; leaf scars elliptic to oval; sap milky; buds dark brown, ovoid, .12 to .28 inch, apex acute, scales pubescent and ciliolate.

Leaves

Alternate, simple, deciduous, highly variable; petiole .8 to 1.2 inch long, glabrous or pubescent; blade broadly ovate, 4 to 12 inches long, 3.2 to 6 inches wide, entire to irregularly 3-5-lobed; upper surface dark green, smooth or usually rough; lower surface paler, minutely pubescent along veins; margins coarsely toothed; lateral veins curve and join neighboring veins near margin; small vein extends to each tooth tip; leaf tip abruptly tapering to point; base rounded to heart-shaped.

Flowers

Catkins; staminate catkins in leaf axils on new growth, drooping, 10-40-flowered, .8 to 12 inches; peduncles .16 to .6 inch; pedicels absent; pistillate catkins in leaf axils of new growth, drooping to spreading or erect, cylindric, 5-30-flowered, .3 to .8 inch; peduncles .12 to .2 inch, pedicels absent. Flowers unisexual, more or less radially symmetric; staminate: sepals 4, connate proximally, calyx lobes green often tinged red, ovate to elliptic, .08 to .1 inch, adaxially pubescent, distally ciliate, apex acute; petals absent; stamens 4; pistillate: sepals 4, somewhat connate, calyx becoming fleshy in fruit, lobes ovate, distally ciliate, apex acute; petals absent; pistil 1, ovary superior, 2-locular; styles 2.

Fruit

June and July; multiple, dark purple, .6 to 1 inch long, .24 to .47 inch thick, glabrous, fleshy; achene 1 per ovary, yellow or tan, flattened-ovoid, .08 to .1 inch.

Ecology

Habitat

Stream banks, moist woods, river bottoms, wooded flood plains; usually in moist soils.

Distribution

East 4/5 of Kansas

Practical Information

Toxicity

The unripe fruit and sap have low levels of toxicity when eaten.

Uses

Often planted in windbreaks. Native Americans and pioneers ate the fruits raw or dried and used the berries to make juice and jam. The sun or fire dried fruits were preserved for winter use and used as food when hunting. An infusion of bark was used to treat dysentery and worms and an infusion of roots taken for urinary disorders. Mulberry sap was rubbed on ringworm and bows were made from the wood.

Additional Notes